Leonardo Da Vinci s Portrait Of Cecilia Gallerani Essay

Leonardo’s sexuality was always an unclear construct. Regardless of whom he preferred romantically, many of his portraits are absolutely filled with sensuality. There is something so obvious, so crude, about Leonardo da Vinci s portrait of Cecilia Gallerani that it might seem beneath discussion. The 16-year-old mistress of the ruler of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, is stroking an ermine. The creature is white, furry and bony. Scholars have written reams about this ermine s significance as an allegory of purity. With its long snout and serpentine body, her pet looks unmistakably phallic – and her control of it suggests that Sforza has been tamed by his young mistress. Leonardo s Cecilia has sloping, slender shoulders, white skin over delicate collarbones, a pale throat adorned with a black necklace, an exquisitely elongated face with a superb nose. She is turning to look at someone, perhaps at Sforza himself. This sidewards turn gives the artist an unselfconscious view of her, and in it one senses the depth of Leonardo s fascination. It is not just Sforza who adores Cecilia. From this portrait, it looks as if the painter is attracted to her, as well. The idea that Leonardo could be aroused by a woman at all is a bit of a surprise. This is not the image of him that has come down to us. Ever since Renaissance witnesses recorded that he loved to surround himself with beautiful young men, his homosexuality has been an open secret. As a youth, he was twice accused of sodomy,Show MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci : A Man Behind His Time Essay1751 Words   |  8 PagesLeonardo da Vinci was a great inventor, scientist, engineer, architect, and artist, as well as possibly the greatest mind the world has ever –and possibly will ever- know. Leonardo da Vinci, if he were alive today, could quite possibly rival Stephen Hawking. Leonardo da Vinci was a man ahead of his time. He drew machines that we are still trying to figure out today, and he drew gears and system s that work in machines today. His drawing of anatomy helps doctors today, including his drawings of the

The First World War I - 1305 Words

Nadia Jahnecke Mrs. Schartner U.S. History 2 AP/IB 19 October 2015 Unit 3 Notebook Essay The First World War fought from 1914 to 1918 was one of the largest and most brutal catastrophes fought in the 20th century. With nearly the entire European continent fighting a barbaric and everlasting war, the U.S. had eventually to get involved in order to reinitiate stability to Europe. Ultimately, the U.S. taking involvement in World War I had a profound political, economic, and social impact on the country. It increased government powers and solidified the nation’s leadership role in foreign politics. The U.S. emerged as the world s greatest industrial power with increasing financial opportunities for minorities. At the same time anti-immigrant and anti- communist sentiments arose among many American citizens. And finally the war contributed to the massive migration of African Americans from the Southern to Northern states looking for employment and freedom and, first time allowed women to participate in jobs that were traditionally reserved for men. Initially, U.S. politicians and citizens had differing opinions of whether or not they should take action in the war. Although many in society and congress disapproved war, Wilson eventually managed to get the approval and set forth the first drafting law, the Selective Service Act. Indeed, there were still many anti-war protests reoccurring and therefore, the government set up the nation s first propaganda agency, the Committee onShow MoreRelatedThe First World War I Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe First World War was a global war that started in Europe and lasted from 1914 to 1918. It was one of the deadliest war which caused many political changes including revolution in some of the countries involved. It all started when a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. This was done in protest to Austria-Hungary having control over the region. Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia which led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. This caused Russia to g et involvedRead MoreThe First World War I2127 Words   |  9 PagesSecond World War will always be remembered as the â€Å"Good War,† the one that had to be fought to stop both Adolph Hitler’s intent to spread Nazism and his then-unknown plans for the purification of the human race. However, some do not know what went into that war. For instance, many do not know the real injustices Germany faced at the hands of the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles; others may not have given much thought to how both sides prepared, or did not prepare, for the next potential war whileRead MoreWomen Of The First World War I2070 Words   |  9 PagesA major part in the First World War was taking care of people and helping people. A woman who was a nurse during the First World War, Edith Cavell, took a stand in history by using her skills for the better and helped allied service men escape from Belgium, which was occupied by Germany. Because of this act, she was executed for treason by being shot by a firing squad, and her death made her internationally known. She became an iconic symbol for the allied cause and was most remembered for her courageRead MoreWorld War I Was The First Major War1791 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War I was the first major war in history, conflicts between the Europe itself and of course US. The war lasted four years, from the summer of 1914 to fall of 1918, there are a few causes that led to the war, and there is the immediate and the underlying cause of the war. The immediate cause would be the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sort of like a spark for the war, the underlying cause is the long term effect of the war that it would consist, would be the military power, imperialismRead MoreWorld War I Was The First Major War1850 Words   |  8 Pages World War I was the first major war where technology was relied on more than the troops themselves. After what was called the â€Å"Second Industrial Revolution† most major countries started to create new technologies that in the end would pave the way for World War I. These technologies ranged from the most used everyday things all the way up to specific types of weaponry to be used in specific scenarios along the trenches. Most of these technologies of war, developed from common civilian or householdRead MoreHitler s First World War I Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pages Hitler got his first feel for war in World War 1. He was a runner during the war and was wounded during it. During 1919, there was a meeting for the German Workers’ Party (DAP) in Munich that Hitler went to observe. Hitler had many ties with the Thule Society, which was organized around racial philosophy and a belief in military action. The Thule Society were also strong supporters of Hitler’s idea of a national socialist movement. Later in 1919, Hitler was asked to join the DAP as well as becomeRead MoreThe First Peacetime Draft Of The World War I1494 Words   |  6 Page sStripped of all personal belongings, ready to be worked until exhaustion (and perhaps die from it too), ordinary men are about to become fighting machines. This is just the beginning of a life as a G.I. in World War ll. Broken down, war soldiers experience three different parts of life during the war: training, battle, and general lifestyle. Training is the time used to toughen up and prepare soon-to-be-G.I.’s for the difficult experience ahead. Battle is the real tester, where guns fire, ships sinkRead MoreThe Alliance Pathology Of Chain Ganging Responsible For The First Outbreak Of World War I Essay2433 Words   |  10 Pagesresponsible for the first outbreak of the First World War? I agree only to a large extent that the alliance pathology of ‘chain-ganging’ was responsible for the first outbreak of World War I (WWI). I believe that entrapment is the main reason to why the war actually happened. Apart from chain-ganging, there were also other factors that had contributed to the escalation of the war. In this essay I will be discussing the various factors that have led to the outbreak of WWI. Firstly, I will be definingRead MoreA Comparison of World War I and World War II Essay examples527 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of World War I and World War II World War I and World War II, while started by much of the same worldwide tensions, had drastically different results because of the much more destructive nature of World War II. Both world wars were started, ultimately, by nationalismRead MoreWhat Were the Underlying Causes of Wwi Dbq Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I was a major event of deaths, disasters, causes and effects on the European countries. World War I was a war against three European countries England, France, and Russian versus Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Friedrich Engels explains in The Origins of the First World War (Doc A) the aftermath of the Thirty Years War caused many devastating effects like famine, sickness, want and brutalizing the population and this is being compared to World War I saying that the same outcome happened

Role of Women in Pakistan Free Essays

Women in Pakistan were initially thought to play the traditional role of being housewives. However with changing times, the Pakistani society has also evolved. Women have a much significant role to play in the society rather than serving their husbands at home. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Women in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this time of economic crisis when men are suffering from unemployment and lower wages, households require all members of the family to work and add to the family income. So the wives have to go out and work so that they could earn enough to give their families a sufficient standard of living. Women belonging to the lower income group and rural class have since independence played the role of family earners. They have served in households by rendering their services such as that of cooks, servants, cleaners, etc. While the lower class women worked all day to earn two meals per day for their families, women of the middle class were supposed to stay at home and take care of the people living in their homes. However when the world entered the 21st century the position of women in the country transpired. More women were allowed to acquire higher education and then work in the corporate world to earn for themselves and their families. Women in Pakistan now form a relatively greater part of Pakistan’s working population and their contribution to the country’s economy has ever since been increasing. However men still dominate all the higher posts in private and public offices, the trend is now changing as women are being encouraged by being awarded with promotions for their high quality of work. The mindset of the people in the rural class is also changing, there is greater awareness regarding the importance of education for both boys and girls and there has been an increase in the enrollment of lower income class girls in primary and secondary schools. Almost all of the women belonging to the middle class families have now started acquiring higher education. The trend of getting girls married as soon as they enter their 20s is slowly diminishing because today’s men only want to marry women who have acquired a substantial level of education. Women in Pakistan also have a major role to play as housewives and mothers. They are the ones responsible for the upbringing of their children. Since women have now become educated they can teach their children the values and etiquettes of life. Not only that, women could now teach their own children at home after they come back from school. Previously families had to spend excessive amounts of their income to send their children for tuitions because the mothers were not educated enough to guide their children academically but now with most mothers being educated they could sit with their children and help them with their homework. Although there is greater acceptability for women in Pakistan’s society, they are still victims of discrimination. The gender stereotypes which have existed in the society for years still continue to be a barrier for women’s progress in the country. How to cite Role of Women in Pakistan, Papers

Using Informatics in the Clinical Setting free essay sample

Using Informatics in the Clinical Setting NURS-6015, Section 3, Information and Healthcare Technologies Applied to Nursing Practice June 12, 2011 Using Informatics in the Clinical Setting Information technology, the interpretation and management of information using computers to analyze data, is not a new concept. Computers assist people day-to-day, from simple budgeting using a home computer, to larger management of government budgets and programs. The healthcare industry, especially nursing, has been slow in embracing available technology (Simpson, 2005). Daily, nurses gather data, turn their data into information, and, analyze the information using evidence-based medicine to provide patient care. Computers provide an effective and faster way to process information, share the knowledge derived from the information, and add evidence to the nursing role (Hebda Czar, 2009). The purpose of this paper is, to evaluate the use of informatics in my clinical area and suggest areas of improvement. Streamlining Paperwork Paperwork will always be a part of any health care industry. As informatics evolves, we will undoubtedly find ways to omit paper records altogether. However, there are many times when providing paperwork is necessary: in discharges from hospitals or urgent care settings, visit summaries after office appointments, and for consents requiring signatures. Paperwork is also necessary, when attending meetings where discussion of reports, management of the department, and consideration of future needs of the work area or patients include many participants. Of course, all of this information will undoubtedly end up in a database. In my clinical setting, we have electronic medical records (EMR’s), interoffice email, and instant messaging which alleviates the clutter of paperwork. Many times, before nurse planning meetings, our administrative assistant will make copies of the agenda items, and distribute them prior to the meetings. All of us have this information in our email accounts. However, when it comes time to meet about these items, we need the printed document to participate and take notes. The nurse informaticist needs to be the leader in implementing the use of tools that are cost effective, streamline care and coordination: all without the inconvenience of clutter (American Nursing Association, 2008). One proposal is to have an overhead of the data or reports we are discussing, and participants can take notes they deem pertinent, without the waste of many paper printouts going into the trash. Communication Most people believe communication is generally two or more people talking, or people writing and receiving letters (Dobkin Pace, 2006). With the increasing use of informatics, primarily EMR’s, communication is evolving. In the clinical setting, we have many patients who can access many parts of their EMR online. They review lab results, send and receive messages to and from their healthcare team, and review topics concerning their diagnoses. In 2004, a part of President Bush’s State of the Union address, concerning EMR’s, made it clear that integration of a fully functioning EMR should be in place and operable by 2014 (Speedie Davies, 2006, Suppl). Currently, the company for which I work strives to deliver information to providers, staff and patients, which are evidence-based. By providing evidence-based care, and utilizing an EMR, the nurse can provide sound care, plan patient outcomes, receive alerts for medication management, health maintenance, and the healthcare team has current information available day or night. This is especially important in the management of patient care where multiple parties are responsible for the health and well-being of the patient (HIMSS Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force, 2007). Having worked for this company for ten years prior to their implementation of the EMR, I know we are moving forward in communication ability. A few years ago, after taking seriously, nurses being involved in the implementation of EMR’s, we have realized positive changes: duplication of information, medication errors related to allergies, and delay in reconciling information after hospital stays has been reduced. Clinical Resources Decision Support Tools Making decisions for patient care, as nurses, is a daily undertaking. Now, more than ever, we encounter patients who bring information to us pertaining to their disease processes. Many times, the patient searches the Internet, looking for the answer they want to have about their health, and not the accurate answer. Management of information is critical for the nurse and, thus, the patient in order to provide quality care (Boyd Catt, 2007). I am fortunate to work within a system of evidence-based practice and evidence-based care. Decision support tools are available for most patient needs. Discussing reliable versus unreliable information with the patient makes the discussion easier with these tools. Patients also have access to a medical encyclopedia at the website from which they access their medical record. Unfortunately, reliable links to health information, for patients who crave more knowledge, are not available here. Having additional information links for the patient, can corroborate the information they already have, thus providing peace of mind. Seeing patients for various colds, sinus, throat and ear concerns, is a daily assignment in our clinical setting. Standing orders for procedures, tests, and medications are available for the nurses, which are in place, because of evidence-based practice, care, and medicine. A patient, after nurse assessment for example, who meets the criteria for sinusitis treatment, receives education and medications where appropriate. The clinicians, using support tools for these purposes, delegate testing, diagnosis of the condition, and medication ordering. Decision tools regarding medications pop up on a screen to aid in choosing the appropriate treatment based on the patient’s current allergies, medications, and company formulary. Finally, any prescription ordered, gives an alert if there is potential for an adverse outcome, for instance, regarding impairment in renal function. Informatics Aiding Patients Contribution to Patient Safety Now, more than ever, patients are becoming active participants in their health. Gone are the days where a patient would not dream of challenging a doctor’s word and patients were not consumers of health information. Patients have become consumers of health information as the Internet provides a potentially unending vat of information. Clinicians are challenged by the scale of power leaning toward the patient (Wald, Dube, Anthony, 2007). Informatics can assist the health care team in providing a patient with reliable resources based on their individual health needs. Nurses must engage the patient Internet consumer in accessing reliable data while not alienating or downplaying their efforts in being a participant to their health care (Hebda Czar, 2009). Keeping the patient safe is a primary advocacy role of the nurse, and information technology adds another layer to patient supervision and education. In my clinical setting, we have many resources and guidelines that we use to identify patient needs. Many of these guidelines have resources, other than the clinicians who write them, for our regional use. Many times, patients will call wanting to try a new medication, procedure, or a friend has made a recommendation to them regarding a particular health topic. Research shows that EMR’s have a positive effect on patient safety (Parente McCullough, 2009). At our fingertips, in the clinic, we have the patient’s EMR, and a mass of information to assist in educating the patient. One size does not fit all, and a patient calling because a friend told her a candy bar diet is the best weight loss program in the world, needs some intervention. While this is extreme, a diabetic patient may not take into account their dietary needs in general. When a patient voices interest and determination in starting a dangerous diet, the information the informatics team provides us with, helps to move the patient in a healthier direction. Summary Informatics is here to stay, and nurses should rejoice. Never before has so much information been available to nurses, and provided by nurses. Communication is paramount to patient safety, and knowledge of current evidence-based plans of care will give the nursing community the voice it needs to maintain all aspects of patient care (HIMSS Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force, 2007). Education of the patient begins with education of the nurses who disseminate information daily. EMR’s are only one part of the bigger picture of informatics. Having the clinical tools to further nursing practice and patient education can result in better patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, and nursing satisfaction. Patients trust nurses to answer the unanswerable, find the information they cannot find, and validate their feelings regarding their state of health. Maintaining the informatics community, by nurses owning a part of the community, will strengthen our ability to care for our patients and their families by using evidence-based medicine and plans. References American Nursing Association. (2008). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice. Silver Springs, MD: Nursebooks. org. Boyd, G. , Catt, D. (2007, April). Talking IT through. Emergency Nurse, 15(1), 8-11. Retrieved from http://emergencynurse. rcnpublishing. o. uk/ Dobkin, B. , Pace, R. (2006). Communication in a Changing World. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Hebda, T. , Czar, P. (2009). Handbook of informatics for nurses healthcare professionals (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. HIMSS Nursing Informatics Awareness Task Force. (2007). An emerging giant: Nursing informatics. Nursing Management, 38(3), 3 8-42. doi:10. 1097/01. NUMA. 0000262 926. 85304. a6 Parente, S. , McCullough, J. (2009). Health information technology and patient safety: Evidence from panel data. Health Affairs, 28(2), 357-360. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 28. 2. 357 Simpson, R. (2005). From tele-ed to telehealth: the need for IT ubiquity in nursing. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 29(4), 344-348. Retrieved from http://journals. lww. com/naq journal/pages/default. aspx Speedie, S. , Davies, D. (2006, Suppl). Telehealth and the national health information technology strategic framework. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 12(Supplement 2), 59-64. doi:10. 1258/135763306778393144 Wald, H. , Dube, C. , Anthony, D. (2007). Untangling the web—The impact of Internet use on health care and the physician–patient relationship. Patient Education and Counseling, 68(3), 218-224. doi:10. 1016/j. pec. 2007. 05. 016

Plath’s Work Is “Intense, Deeply Personal and Quiet Disturbing” free essay sample

Here the poet is looking for that spark of inspiration yet her surroundings are depressing and dreary, â€Å"this dull, ruinous landscape†. This bold statement is quite a negative and defeated line. Plath is in an intensely emotional state of exhaustion â€Å"Trekking through this season of fatigue†. The deeply personal nature of the poem is evident here. Plath is terrified of being on her own even though she cuts herself off from the world, â€Å"Although, I admit, I desire, Occasionally, some backtalk from the mute sky†. She has a deep desire for love and acceptance. Although she is finding it difficult to find that inspiration she is still hopeful, â€Å"I shall patch together a content†. This portrays the poets possessive determination to achieve inspiration. It is ironic that she writes such a creative poem about the failure to be inspired. This irony illustrates her intelligence and brilliance as a poet. In ‘Poppies in July’ Plath uses stark images of foreboding to portray her insecurity and tendency to self-harm. We will write a custom essay sample on Plath’s Work Is â€Å"Intense, Deeply Personal and Quiet Disturbing† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a physic landscape which represents her troubled mental state. The poet is portraying self-destructive tendencies, â€Å"A mouth just bloodied†. In her extreme agitated state of mind she uses several violent and disturbing comparisons to describe poppies; For example instead of viewing flowers as beautiful she sees them as unattractive, dangerous and fascinating. She only sees two ways out of her depression: Firstly, to experience physical pain â€Å"If I could bleed† or secondly to slip into a drug-induced trance â€Å"nauseous capsules†. This poem is extremely intense. The poet compares the blazing red poppies to â€Å"little hell flames† before directly confronting them â€Å"Do you do no harm? † Personally I feel that these lines give a sense of urgency at the beginning of the poem. It is clear she is distressed which is very personal and disturbing. The poet develops more anguish in the third stanza, â€Å"I put my hand among the flames. Nothing burns† This exemplifies to the reader that the poet desires for self-destruction as she can no longer cope with the anxieties in her mind. Her personal torment is obvious in the line â€Å"It exhausts to me to watch you† – again we seen another example of her intense emotional exhaustion. (Plath is being very personal here and she is referring to herself). Ironically the more vivid the poppies are the more lethargic she feels. This contradiction is exceptionally disturbing as she can see no other way to numb the pain. The disturbed mood increases in the fourth stanza with two startling images both personifying the flowers. She compares the poppy to a â€Å"mouth just bloodied† this suggests recent violence and physical suffering. The reference to â€Å"bloody skirts† is equally harrowing in its connotations of miscarriage or maybe infidelity and it also draws attention to the fact that often women suffer most as a result of breakups so this is a deeply personal reflection on a very difficult time in her life. Morning Song’ is a deeply personal poem focusing on Plath’s mixed senses of apprehension and awe upon the birth of her first-born child. However both of these senses create conflicting feelings of separation and affection that test the strength of her maternal bond. While most new mothers pretended all was well, Sylvia published her feelings and I admire her bravery. Societ y in the 1960s held that all new mothers should be filled with immense joy after giving birth, but it does not mean that they actually were. The first line of the poem, â€Å"love set you going like a fat gold watch† depicts the intense and personal emotional forces conflicting within the poets mind. The word â€Å"fat† alludes to the clumsy or healthy nature of the baby; the word â€Å"gold† represents the child as precious and valued, and â€Å"watch† brings to mind the seemingly endless task of raising a child. In the second stanza Plath makes a point about her child merely being an object, â€Å"Our voices echo, magnifying your arrival. New statue. In a drafty museum your nakedness shadows are safety†. I found this comparison quiet disturbing but also very personal and realistic. Here the baby is called a â€Å"statue†, it is new, it is exciting, but it is implied that the baby is just something to look at, this is very personal as it reflects the real confused and conflicted emotions of a new mom or one experiencing post natal depression. This stanza shows the infant as the new attraction in a â€Å"drafty museum†. In my opinion this illustrates that the baby is simply new addition to an old collection. This is disturbing as you wouldn’t expect this from a new mother. As the poem evolves we see the poet becoming more involved in the mothering role with a quote that illustrates she can laugh at herself, â€Å"One cry and I stumble from bed cow heavy†. Plath is not merely invoking the imagery of motherhood, but speaks of it in its plainest sense. She appreciates that motherhood will be immensely laborious to raise a child, â€Å"A far sea moves in my ear† however nothing will over shadow the unconditional love she has for her child. Plath’s deeply personal writing re-occurs in her poem ‘Child’ which was written shortly after her sons first birthday. It is a beautifully composed poem in which a mother expresses her frustrated wishes for her child, nevertheless I found is very disturbing. She writes about the love she has for her child while also revealing her inner torment. The first line shows the poets appreciation of childhood innocence, â€Å"Your clear eye is the one absolutely beautiful thing†. The tone at first is hopeful. Her love for her child is generous and unconditional. â€Å"I want to fill it with colour†. The childhood language is lively and playful. Plath plans to give her child the happiest of time filled with, â€Å"colour and ducks†. The vigorous rhythm and animated internal rhyme in the phrase â€Å"the zoo of the new† capture the sense of youthful wonder. However, Plath’s disillusionment with the world is also implied and she seems concerned that she cannot protect her child from the tainted world. The final images are stark and powerful- the pathetic â€Å"wringing of hands† gives emphasis to her helplessness, I found this quiet disturbing. The last line poignantly portrays the paradox of the tension between Plath’s dreams for her child in the face of the despair she feels about the oppressive world; this â€Å"ceiling without a star†. I found that this dark mood is in sharp contrast with the rest of the poem. The early celebration has been replaced by a disturbing anguish and an overwhelming sense of failure. Plath’s suicide two weeks after writing this poem adds to its poignancy. Sadly we realiseonly too late the disturbing demons in her mind. For me, Plath’s poetry stands apart because of its sheer intense emotional power. In poems like those discussed above, there is a deeply personal emotional intensity absent from any other poetry I have studied. Reading Plath’s poetry the personal nature of it was palpable. It made it seem to me like she was talking to me. The powerful imagery, like that of â€Å"Morning Song† and the disturbing field of poppies, will remain with me for the rest of my life. Ironically she used her suffering to create beauty. She could recognise the beauty of her poems but she could not see the beauty of her own life. She described life as being magically run by two electric currents and these she names joyous positive and despairing negative†. There is little doubt that Plath’s poetry is intense deeply personal and disturbing. By Erin O’ Driscoll.

Civil Rights Movement essays

Civil Rights Movement essays The Civil Rights Movement in America And when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and hamlet, from every state and city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children-black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Catholics and Protestants-will be able to join hands and to sngn in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last, free at last; thank God almighty, we are free at last. Martin Luther King, Jr. The civil rights movement in the United States was a political, legal, and social struggle that was organized primarily by black Americans with some help from white America. The civil rights struggle was aimed at gaining full citizenship and racial equality for all Americans, particularly the most discriminated group, African Americans, and was first and foremost a challenge to segregation. Segregation was deeply embedded in the South and was used to control blacks since the reconstruction of the South following the American Civil War. During the civil rights movement, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination by using a number of methods that included protests, marches, boycotts, and refusing segregation laws. Most historians agree that the civil rights movement began with either the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 or the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965; however, there is a lot of debate on when it b egan and ended. There were civil rights issues well into the 1980s. The main tool of discrimination against blacks in the United States was segregation, often called the Jim Crow system. Segregation became common in the South after the Reconstruction when the Democratic Party had gained control of the South and started to reverse black advances made during reconstruction. Jim Crow laws emerg...

Is a Computer playing chess using 'brute force' unbeatable Essay

Is a Computer playing chess using 'brute force' unbeatable - Essay Example The computer intelligence and cognition is simply based on the several moves that are stored in its memory. It goes through all the possible moves and chooses the one with the best probability (Razmov V (2010)). The brute force method also tended to have a non evaluative advantage over and above the chess master Garry Kasporov. Human mind cannot record and evaluate all the possible moves in a given situation as it doesn’t have that much retaining capacity. However, after Garry Kasporov defeated the chess player Deep Blue, they refused for a re-match because they feared that Garry had understood their algorithm codes and approaches (Feng-Hsiung, H., 2006, p. 51). They did not want the world to believe that Deep Blue actually has no cognitive power or intelligence except for its highly fast processing power. Thus, the brute force method does not use any artificial intelligence or cognitive powers; it simply is a fast processing and evaluating method used by the computer chess player. It thus looks possible and realistic as Garry Kaporov was able to break the code of the computer and win against it. Chess News (no date)  Nettavisen: We have tested the worlds best chess program  [Online]. Available at:  http://en.chessbase.com/post/nettavisen-we-have-tested-the-world-s-best-che-program  (Accessed on 10